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On 24 May 2005, the Royal Commission sent the following letter to over three
hundred and sixty organisations and individuals. The final Report was published
on 6 March 2007.
Invitation to submit evidence
Annex A - Background to the Study
Annex B - Issues of particular interest
Annex C - List of organisations and individuals contacted
ROYAL COMMISSION STUDY ON THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - INVITATION TO SUBMIT EVIDENCE
The Royal Commission's current study will focus on the urban environment, including the environmental impacts of urban living, and the implications for health and well-being. The study will provide analysis and recommendations designed to reduce the negative environmental impact of urban areas and increase their positive contribution to life in the UK. To help with this task, the Commission is keen to hear the views of organisations and individuals with an interest in the urban environment.
There is a pressing need to tackle both the local issues associated with a poor urban environment, and the environmental impact that built-up areas have at a regional and global scale. Indeed, because urban areas account for around 80% of the UK's population and a large proportion of the associated economic activity, there can be a direct link between the day-to-day environmental problems that many of us experience in towns and cities and global issues, such as climate change, that are addressed by international agreements. The Commission wishes to examine how towns and cities could develop over the medium- and long-term so that they become more environmentally sustainable and contribute to a better quality of life.
In particular, the Commission will be considering three key topics:
- What is the current state of the urban environment - what are the
negative environmental impacts of urban living inside and outside the
urban area?
- What changes are needed to reduce the negative environmental impacts
of urban areas and to increase their positive contribution to the environment,
health and well-being?
- How can these changes be encouraged and achieved?
We would be especially interested in receiving your evidence on the detailed
questions listed in Annex A. You do not need to
address all the issues listed. Indeed, you may wish to provide evidence
on only a few. It would be helpful if you could use the numbering given
in Annex A to indicate which of the issues your response addresses. You
may also wish to go beyond the attached list of issues. If you have any
queries on what the Commission is seeking, please contact me at the above
number. Further background information on the study is given in Annex
B.
The deadline for responses is Tuesday 16 August 2005.
It would be appreciated if submissions could be sent by e-mail to Diana.Wilkins@rcep.org.uk. Printed reports and references can be sent separately by post.
While the Commission is always interested in the opinions of stakeholders, you should bear in mind that the principal goal of this invitation is to elicit responses that draw the Commission's attention to documentary evidence or argument to support particular views.
Unless indicated otherwise when evidence is submitted, it will be assumed that the organisation or individual submitting it has no objection to its disclosure to other parties should the Commission so decide. The most likely method of such dissemination is through publication on the Commission's website.
This letter has been sent to a wide range of stakeholders and interested parties (listed in annex C), and has been posted on the Commission's website. If you think that we have missed any individual or organisation that might like to contribute, feel free to either contact me or pass a copy on to them directly.
Diana Wilkins
Assistant Secretary to the Commission
ANNEX A
The Urban Environment Study
The study is focusing on the urban environment, including the environmental impacts of urban living, and the implications for health and well-being. It will provide analysis and recommendations designed to reduce the environmental impact of urban areas and at the same time increase their contribution to human health and well-being.
The Commission's study will be guided by a number of underpinning assumptions. Respondents are free to provide evidence that challenges these assumptions listed below.
Making urban areas more environmentally sustainable is thus a key part of tackling many of the most important environmental problems. Nevertheless, an approach that focuses solely on delivering environmental improvements without taking account of the wider social and economic aspects is unlikely to be successful. The Commission wishes to investigate whether there are solutions that would reduce environmental problems and, at the same time, enable people to be healthier and enjoy a better quality of life. A simple example might be a new urban park that boosts urban biodiversity, while providing opportunities for exercise and recreation. Similarly, new developments that are designed to provide higher housing densities can help make public transport and other essential services more viable.
However, the UK is to some extent locked into existing patterns of urban living as a result of past developments. This has provided important assets in the form of parks, amenities and treasured homes and buildings, but also with liabilities in the form of contaminated land, ageing infrastructure, etc. This legacy is important in the housing sector where today's homes will form the vast majority of the housing stock in 20 years' time and possibly as much as two-thirds of the stock by 2050. Major improvements will require measures that target existing assets as well as new developments.
Over the coming decades, the urban environment will experience major changes as result of government policy and demographic and economic trends. Over the same period, the UK has set challenging environmental targets to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2050, to halt the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010 and to improve air and water quality. All this will have to be achieved against a background of climate change, where water shortages, floods and heat waves are likely to become more frequent. Meeting these major social, economic and environmental challenges could become increasingly difficult unless action is taken now to plan for more environmentally sustainable towns and cities.
Issues on which the Commission would welcome evidence
The questions below are not intended to limit the Commission's study, but rather to highlight areas where Members believe they are most in need of input at this stage. You do not need to address all the issues listed. Indeed, you may wish to provide evidence on only a few.
A. What is the current state of the urban environment - what are the negative environmental impacts of urban living inside and outside the urban area?
-
Geographical scope of the study. The UK has a good deal of
discretion over the management of urban areas. As a result, the Commission
intends to focus on the UK, although it will take account of relevant
European policies and international examples of urban development.
We will also take account of the fact that the urban-rural divide
is not clear-cut, and that it may assume a different character in
different parts of the UK. Nevertheless, for simplicity's sake we
plan to adopt the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister's definition
of urban areas as those with a population over 10,000. The Commission
will pay particular attention to towns and cities of over 100,000
people, since these are the focus of the European Thematic Strategy
on the Urban Environment.
Comments are welcome on this choice of priorities, as are suggestions
of where the Commission should look to find examples of both good
and bad practice in urban areas.
-
Which environmental issues are most pressing in urban areas,
and how are they being addressed? What is the overall environmental
profile of urban areas? Are new environmental issues emerging that
have been neglected or are little understood?
Environmental improvements have undoubtedly taken place in many urban
areas that now have cleaner rivers and generally better air quality
than in the past. But is there evidence that the environmental impact
of urban areas has shifted to less visible effects such as greenhouse
gases and greater energy use?
Not all environmental trends are improving. For example, transport
is the third largest source of carbon dioxide in the UK and the only
sector where emissions are expected to higher in 2020 than in 1990.
On top of this it has been estimated that congestion levels could
increase by as much as 50%. In the waste sector, levels of waste production
have been rising, particularly from construction and demolition. When
it comes to water, parts of the country already experience restricted
water supplies and/or flooding, yet some of these areas have been
selected for further urban development. There is also a risk that
around 20% (by length) of the rivers in England & Wales will not meet
the objectives set by the Water Framework Directive.
In summary, urban areas are associated with a wide range of environmental
issues. What evidence do we have about the current state of the urban
environment and how it is changing? Which are the key environmental
priorities that deserve most attention? What evidence exists about
the relative importance of other issues such as noise, light and local
environmental quality in an urban setting?
- In a modern industrial society, do urban lifestyles put more
or less pressure on the environment than lifestyles of similar affluence
and aspiration lived in the countryside?
Human health and well-being
- Which aspects of urban environmental pollution are most important
in terms of their negative affect on human health and well-being?
The quality of air, water and soil can all have important consequences
for human health. For example, poor air quality is acknowledged to bring
forward thousands of deaths each year in the UK, yet there is still
uncertainty over the mechanisms by which air pollutants cause ill-health,
and which types are the most harmful. Do we have sufficient research
in place to understand the effects of environmental pollution on health?
Is there a need to focus on the effects on vulnerable groups, such as
children and the elderly, when considering the impacts of environmental
pollution? Are policies and measures proving effective in tackling current
problems? How might these issues develop in future?
- How could the urban environment be improved to benefit physical
and mental health, well-being and quality of life? What examples
are there of synergies between measures on the environment and health?
- Is there evidence that deprived urban areas are exposed to greater
levels of environmental pollution and/or a poorer local environment?
Some have suggested that deprived urban communities are more likely
to be close to major roads, waste facilities and flood risk areas. What
is the nature of the evidence for or against this in the UK, and what
are the implications?
B. What changes are needed to reduce the negative environmental
impacts of urban areas and to increase their positive contribution to
the environment, health and well-being?
Trends
-
What major policy developments are on the horizon over the next
5 to 10 years that might affect the urban environment? The consequences
of current urban policies are likely to continue to be important,
but looking forward, what other policy developments could be particularly
influential?
For example, will the implications of the Water Framework Directive
become more challenging as the 2015 deadline for meeting its objectives
comes closer? Is there likely to be more pressure to address previously
neglected aspects of pollution such as noise, light and local environmental
quality? Are the environmental aspects of sustainable development
(including its links to health and well-being) well integrated across
Government policy and the activities of delivery bodies?
-
What information exists on the other trends that will shape our
urban areas over the next 10, 20 and 50 years? What is their
likely environmental impact? Demographic changes such as an ageing
population and a trend toward smaller households are already affecting
the shape of our cities. How are these factors likely to change in
future? Have the UK's urban areas, and particularly the larger cities,
reached a peak of urbanisation or will there be pressure for these
areas to grow? How will international competition between world cities
affect the UK? What will be the effect of new technologies and industries?
Do we need new infrastructure to support new ways of living and promote
environmentally sustainable lifestyles?
As well as opportunities for change, will urban areas face increasing
constraints of various kinds such as limits on space and growth? What
will be the knock-on effects for the environment, positive and negative,
of these major societal and economic trends? How will local problems
be affected by global environmental trends such as climate change
and rising background concentrations of air pollutants?
-
What measures should be taken to make cities more environmentally
sustainable 10, 20 or 50 years into the future? What would these urban
areas be like and what would be the social and environmental consequences?
It is possible to envisage a wide range of possible futures for our
towns and cities in terms of, for example, transport, access to goods
and services and patterns of power generation, distribution and use.
What changes would be desirable from the point of view of environmental
sustainability?
- How will urban areas be affected by climate change? Densely
populated urban areas create their own microclimates that experience
higher temperatures and different precipitation rates compared with
the surrounding countryside. Will they be more at risk from climate
change impacts? Is enough known about how cities, towns and urban regions
will respond? What measures would help urban areas, buildings and systems
to adapt? What are the possible policy responses?
Role of technology
- To what extent will conventional or near-market technologies be
sufficient to meet environmental goals and make cities of the future
environmentally sustainable? Will there be a need for more radical
or novel technologies or changes in practice in some sectors? Is there
a need for new designs and types of infrastructure? What are the opportunities
and what would be their costs and benefits?
Construction and design
- Can high-density developments offer a more environmentally sustainable
future that is also desirable for householders? It has been suggested
that developments should be built at higher densities to support critical
community services and minimise environmental impacts. Set against this,
some argue that people prefer lower density homes. In addition, there
may be wider considerations of privacy, safety, aesthetics, good design,
etc. How could new developments strike a better balance between these
concerns? What would constitute a desirable housing density?
- Can design codes play a significant role in improving the environmental
sustainability of urban areas? If so, what should they look like?
- How can construction be made more efficient in terms of natural
resource use and waste minimisation? Which methods and technologies
offer opportunities to minimise or recycle a much greater proportion
of the waste stream from construction and demolition? What are the circumstances
that allow a higher proportion of construction waste to be recycled
in other European countries?
- How can the environmental impact of buildings in the domestic
and commercial sectors be reduced? Has too much emphasis been placed
on measures taken at the household level (such as insulation), compared
with design measures that could apply to a whole development, or group
of developments? What is the interaction between environmental measures
and aspects such as aesthetics, good design and householder satisfaction?
Transport
- How can environmentally sustainable transport systems be encouraged?
Greenhouse gas emissions from transport are continuing to rise,
with road freight being one of the sectors where emissions are growing
fastest, rising 36% between 1990 and 2002. The Commission has produced
two previous reports on transport and the environment (the Eighteenth
and Twentieth Reports). In this study, we will be particularly concerned
with how good urban design and planning of urban infrastructure can
be used to improve transport systems and reduce environmental impacts
in urban areas. For example, what potential is there to improve the
integration between different transport networks, and between transport
and other infrastructure?
Natural Resources (e.g. Water, Waste, Air Quality and Nature)
- Some water companies are already experiencing significant water deficits
compared with their targets for security of supply. It seems likely
that demand management will become a more prominent issue as the number
of households increases, demand rises and climate change alters rainfall
patterns. What would be the most effective way of managing the growing
demand for water? What other measures should be used to reduce demand
and encourage efficiency?
- What measures are needed to improve the quality of sustainable
urban drainage and sewerage, and address changing flood risk? Are
changes needed in investment, planning or regulation? Is there a case
for changing technologies and practices, for example, to encourage the
use 'soft engineering' approaches in new developments?
- To what extent can new technologies be harnessed to use waste
for energy generation, compost, recycling, etc? The Commission has previously
produced reports on waste and incineration of waste (the Eleventh and
Seventeenth Reports), but this study will be concerned with environmentally
unsustainable trends in waste.
- What is the overall contribution of urban nature to biodiversity in the UK and is it sufficiently protected? A number of initiatives are promoting green space and urban biodiversity. How can links be made between Biodiversity Action Plans and local authority green space strategies? How can biodiverse brownfield areas be protected if these areas are favoured for development? How can the potential of open public spaces be maximised so that they are valued and maintained, and able to perform to the full range of functions of which they are capable, including flood risk reduction and sustainable drainage?
Urban Planning and Management
- Could an ecosystems approach provide practical benefits for urban areas? It has been suggested that the fragmentary nature of the management of urban areas is a major obstacle to reducing environmental impacts. An alternative is the 'ecosystem approach', which takes account of the interaction between natural and human systems to help develop a more integrated solution to urban management. What do you understand by this term? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Does it offer practical benefits, and if so, what institutional and other changes would be needed to put it into practice?
- A possible solution to rising levels of consumption is the introduction of closed-loop systems that return every output back into the urban ecosystem, or as an input to another process. To what extent do the technologies and systems exist to underpin such an approach? Are there examples of closed loop systems already in existence in the UK?
C. How can these changes be encouraged and achieved?
- What is the role of the various bodies involved in urban policy? Has too much emphasis been placed on the role of central government at the expense of regional and local action? How can the business, voluntary and other sectors be encouraged to contribute to the environmental sustainability of the urban areas?
- What part could (a) economic instruments and (b) good practice guidance or other improved management approaches play in improving standards? Various economic instruments (variable VAT rates, road charging, etc) have been suggested to improve aspects of the urban environment. Good practice can also be encouraged through information, guidance, codes, awards, networks, etc. What evidence is there from the UK or elsewhere that such approaches can be effective?
- Why have the changes that would be needed to make urban areas more
environmentally sustainable not been effectively implemented before
now, given that some of the proposed solutions have been around for
several decades?
- Is the implementation and enforcement of current legislation and standards effective? To what extent are better regulation and enforcement required to improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas?
- Is the UK's science and knowledge base sufficient to support current urban policies and guide development in a more environmentally sustainable direction? If not, what are the most important gaps?
- Are there any other any major questions associated with the environmental sustainability of urban areas that the Commission should examine?
ANNEX B
Background to the Royal Commission's Study on the Urban Environment
The Royal Commission
The Royal Commission is an independent standing body established by royal warrant in 1970 to provide advice on environmental issues. Its primary role is to contribute to policy development in the longer term by providing an authoritative factual basis for policy-making and debate, and setting new policy agendas and priorities. In reaching its conclusions, the Commission seeks to make a balanced assessment, taking account of the wider implications for society of any measures proposed.
The Urban Environment Study
The study is focusing on the urban environment, including the environmental
impacts of urban living, and the implications for health and well-being.
This invitation to submit written evidence on key issues marks the formal
start of the study. The Commission will build on the evidence it receives
with a series of meetings with key stakeholders (some in the form of oral
evidence sessions), visits and consideration of papers produced by its
Secretariat. We expect to publish the report in 2006. More information
is available at http://www.rcep.org.uk/urbanenvironment.htm.
Announcement of the Urban Environment Study (2003)
The Commission announced its intention to investigate this issue on 17
October 2003. The announcement can be found at http://www.rcep.org.uk/news/03-10.htm.
This was followed in November 2003, by an invitation to submit evidence
for the scoping phase. The letter was sent to around 100 organisations
and just under 40 responses were received. See http://www.rcep.org.uk/urban/scoping.htm.
Urban Seminar and Consultancy Studies (2004)
There was a slight delay to the work programme during 2004 as a result
of the Commission responding to a Ministerial request to study the effects
of Pesticides and Bystander Exposure. Nevertheless, progress was made
through a seminar and five short consultancy studies. The seminar took
place in Belfast on 1st April 2004. It focused on the interaction between
local environmental quality and the social and economic characteristics
of urban areas, with a particular emphasis on the links to health. A summary
of the discussions is available at http://www.rcep.org.uk/urban/seminar.pdf.
The results of the consultancy studies can be seen at http://www.rcep.org.uk/urbanenvironment.htm
- scoping. The topics were:
- An overview of the literature on the urban environment
- The benefits of urban living
- Environmental justice
- Urban metabolism
- Urban nature
Previous Commission reports
The Commission often draws on its past reports. Those that are particularly
relevant to the Urban Study include: Special Report - Biomass (2004);
23rd Report - Environmental Planning (2002); 22nd Report Energy - the
Changing Climate; 20th Report Transport and the Environment - Developments
since 1994 (1997); 18th Report Transport and the Environment (1994). These
are available from http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports2.htm
or http://www.tso.org.uk/.
ANNEX C
List of recipients of this invitation
This letter has been sent to the following organisations:
Aalborg10+
ABS Consulting
Academy of Medical Royal Colleges
Advantage West Midlands
AEA Technology Environment
Architecture and Design Scotland
Arup EnvironmentalAssociation for the Conservation of Energy
Association for the Protection of Rural Scotland
Association of British Insurers
Association of Chief Police Officers
Association of County Councils
Association of Garden Trusts
Association of London Government
Association of Town Centre Management
Barratt Developments PLC
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Biffa Waste Services Ltd
BIOME Research Group
Black Environment Network
Borough of Poole
British Academy
British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers
British Ceramic Research Ltd
British Chambers of Commerce
British Council of Disabled People
British Council of Shopping Centres
British Ecological Society
British Geological Survey
British Institute of Architectural Technologists
British Medical Association
British Parking Association
British Retail Consortium
British Road Federation
British Tourist Authority
British Trust for Nature Conservation
British Waterways
British Urban Regeneration Association
Building Design Partnership
Building Research Establishment
Business in the Community
Business Council for Sustainable Development LTD
Cabinet Office
Campaign to Protect Rural England
Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales
Carbon Trust
Cardiff Foundation for Environmental Research
Casella Stanger
Centre for Air Transport and the Environment
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Centre for Research in Energy and the Environment
Centre for Environment and Planning
Centre for Environmental Strategy
Centre for European Policy Studies
Centre for Policy Studies
Centre for Research into the Built Environment
Centre for Sustainability of the Built Environment
Centre for Sustainable Consumption
Centre for Sustainable Development
Centre for Sustainable Technologies
Centre for Urban and Community Research
Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology
Centre for Urban and Community Studies
Chartered Institute of Building
Chartered Institute of Environmental Health
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Childrens Play Council
Civic Trust
Clean Environment Management Centre
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment
Commission for Integrated Transport
Community Development Foundation
Community Recycling Network
Confederation of British Industry
Confederation of British Industry Northern Ireland
Confederation of British Industry Scotland
Confederation of British Industry Wales
Construction Industry Council
Construction Industry Research and Information Association
Construction Skills Certification Scheme
Construction Products Association
Consumers' Association
Convention of Scottish Local Authorities
Corporation of London
Council for British Archaeology
Council for European Urbanism
Council for National Parks
Council for the Protection of Rural England
Council of Mortgage Lenders
Council of Welsh Districts
Countryside Agency
Countryside Council for Wales
Department for Culture, Media & Sport
Department for Education
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Department for Social Development, Northern Ireland
Department for Transport
Department for Work and Pensions
Department of Health
Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield
Department of Trade and Industry
Dorset County Council
East Midlands Development Agency
East of England Development Agency
Economic and Social Research Council
Energy and Environment Office
Energy Savings Trust
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
English Heritage
English Nature
English Partnerships
English Tourism Council
Environ consulting services
Environment Agency
Environmental Change Institute
Environment Housing & Town Planning Committee
Environment Council
Environment Trust
Environmental Campaigns
Environmental Data Services Ltd
Environmental Law Foundation
Envirowise
European Commission, Enterprise DG
European Commission, Environment DG
European Commission, Regio DG
European Commission, Research DG
European Commission, Trans DG
European Environment Agency
European Environmental Bureau
European Environmental and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils
European Institute for Urban Affairs
European Policy Forum
European Science Foundation
European Water Association
Faber maunsell
Fauna and Flora Preservation Society
Federation of Master Builders
Foresight Transport and Built Environment Panel
Forestry Commission
Foundation for the Built Environment
Freight Transport Association
Friends of the Earth
Friends of the Earth Cymru
Friends of the Earth Northern Ireland
Friends of the Earth Scotland
George Wimpey plc
Global Urban Research Unit
Government Office for London
Government Office for the East Midlands
Government Office for the East of England
Government Office for the North East
Government Office for the North West
Government Office for the South East
Government Office for the South West
Government Office for the West Midlands
Government Office for Yorkshire and The Humber
Greater London Authority
Green Alliance
Green Balance
Greenpeace Scotland
Greenpeace UK
Groundwork Foundation
Groundwork UK
Halcrow Group Ltd
Halifax Bank of Scotland
Health Protection Agency
Highways Agency
HM Treasury
Home Office
House Builders Federation
House of Commons Information Bulletin
House of Commons, Committee of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
House of Commons, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee
House of Commons, Environmental Audit Committee
House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee
House of Commons, Trade and Industry Select Committee
House of Lords, Environment, Agriculture, Public Health & Consumer
Protection Committee
House of Lords, Science and Technology Select Committee
Housing Corporation
ICLEI European Secretariat
Improvement and Development Agency
Institute of Community Studies
Institute of Civil Engineers
Institute for Environment and Health
Institute for European Environmental Policy, London
Institute for Leisure and Amenity Management
Institute for Sustainable Urban and Regional Regeneration
Institute of Directors
Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development
Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment
Institute of Environmental Sciences
Institute of Highways and Transportation
Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management
Institute of Minerals, Materials and Mining
Institute of Wastes Management
Institution of Environmental Sciences
Joint Nature Conservation Committee
Johnson Matthey Plc
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Land Restoration Trust
Landscape Institute
Local Authorities Research Council Initiative
Law Society
Levett-Therivel Sustainability Consultants
Liz Mills
Local Authority Recycling Advisory Committee
Local Authorities Research Council Initiative
Local Economy Policy Unit
Local Futures Group
Local Government Association
London Development Agency
London Sustainability Exchange
London Wildlife Trust
Magistrates Association
Mass Balance UK
National Assembly for Wales
National Consumer Council
National Federation of Builders
National Health Service Alliance
National House-Building Council
National Institute of Economic and Social Research
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
National Society for Clean Air and Environmental Protection
National Society of Allotment & Leisure Gardeners
Natural Environment Research Council
Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation
Network Rail
New Construction Industry Research and Innovation Strategy Panel
New Economics Foundation
Noise Abatement Society
Northern Ireland Department of the Environment
Northern Ireland Office
North West London Strategic Health Authority
Office for National Statistics
Office of Science and Technology
Office of the Deputy Prime Minster
Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Secretary of State for Wales
Office of the Welsh Assembly
Ofgem
Ofwat
One North East
Onyx Environmental Group PLC
Open Spaces Society
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OXERA Environmental Ltd
Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development
Oxford University Centre for the Environment
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
Peabody Trust
Pedestrians Association
Pedestrians Policy Group
Pell Frischmann Consultants
Planning Inspectorate
Policy Studies Institute
Popular Housing Forum
Princes Trust for the Built Environment
Project for Public Spaces
Renewable Energy in the Urban Environment
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
Raad voor Ruimtelijk, Milieu- en Natuuronderzoek
Regeneration Institute
ROOM, National Council for Housing and Planning
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal College of General Practitioners
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
Royal College of Physicians
Royal College of Psychiatrists
Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland
Royal Geographical Society
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors Foundation
Royal Society
Royal Society for Nature Conservation
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Royal Town Planning Institute
RPS Group
RWE Thames
Save Waste and Prosper
Science and Technology Policy Research Unit
Scotland Office
Scottish Environment LINK
Scottish Environment Protection Agency
Scottish Executive Cities Team
Scottish Institute for Sustainable Technology
Scottish Natural Heritage
Scottish Parliament
Scottish Trade Union Congress
Scottish Urban Regeneration Forum
Severn Trent Water Ltd
SITA UK
Society of Local Authority Chief Executives
Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders Ltd
South East England Development Agency
South West of England Regional Development Agency
South West Water Ltd
Southern Water Services Ltd
Stockholm Environment Institute at York
Stockholm Partnerships for Sustainable Cities
Sustainable Development Commission
Sustainable Homes
Sustainable Cities Network
Sustainable cities research Institute
ESRC Sustainable Technologies Programme
Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration: Integrated Management
Sustainable Urban and Regional Futures Centre
Sustrans
Terry Farrell and Partners
Thames 21
Thames Water Utilities Ltd
Town and Country Planning Association
Trades Union Congress
Transport 2000
Transport and General Workers Union
Transport for London
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
UK Centre for Economic and Environmental Development
UK Climate Impacts Programme
UK Energy Research Centre
UK Environmental Law Association
UK Petroleum Industry Association
UK Urban Forum
UK MAB Urban Forum
UK Water Industry Research
Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency)
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Urban Design Alliance
Urban Design Group
Urban Design Studies Unit
Urban Initiatives
Urban Nature Magazine
Urban Parks Forum
Urban Land Institute
Urban Splash Head Office
Urban Water Research Group
Urbed
VROM, Directorate General for Environmental Protection
Waste and Resources Action Plan
Water UK
Welsh Development Agency
Welsh Trade Union Council
WHO Centre for Urban Health, Healthy Cities and Urban Governance Programme
WHO Collaborating Centre for Healthy Cities and Urban Policy
Wildlife and Countryside Link
Wildlife Trusts
Women's Environment Network
Woodland Trust
WSP Environmental
WWF UK
Yorkshire and Humber Regional Assembly
Yorkshire Forward
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